Monday, April 1, 2013

Investigation Using a Secondary Source

I have two primary sources from EyeWitness to History.com. One of these primary sources is a letter by Dolly Madison to her sister about the moments just prior to the British taking the White House. I have several questions about this source. First of all, I wonder if this is one letter or multiple letters. EyeWitness to History.com seems to indicate that this is one letter. However, the letter is broken into three time frames. 1. The day after President Madison left to join General Winder, 2. "Wednesday Morning, twelve o'clock," and 3. Wednesday at Three o' clock. This could indicate that this letter is actually multiple letters. However, I can see how Dolly could have written about three different times all within the same letter; especially if she is writing to her sister years after the fact with the purpose of recounting the events leading up to the British capture of the White House. This leads me to my next question.When was this letter written? The letter itself indicates that it was written just before the British attacked and took the White House. Dolly Madison begins the letter with, "My husband left me yesterday morning to join General Winder." The rest of the first part of this letter (the next four paragraphs) is written in the present tense indicating that it was written the day after President Madison left to join General Winder. The second part of the letter occurs on "Wednesday at 12 o'clock." The third part occurs at 3 o'clock on Wednesday. Both of these sections are written in the present tense. My final question is, why did Dolly write this letter to her sister? Was it simply to recount Dolly's last moments in the White House before she had to leave because of the British invasion, or was there another reason?
What I do know about this source is that it was written by Dolly Madison to her sister. I also know that the events described make sense with what we know about what occurred in the moments before the British invaded Washington, and eventually the White House. I know that the first lady was in the White House as the British were approaching and that she took many valuables (including the famous painting of George Washington) with her as she escaped.
My other source from EyeWitness to History.com is The British Burn Washington, DC, 1814. I have two major questions pertaining to this source. My first question is, why did George Gleig write about the destruction of Washington? Was his purpose to have a personal journal about this major event in his own life, or was it to record an official account for British records? My next question is, who is George Gleig? EyeWitness to History.com makes it clear that Gleig was part of the British forces that attacked Washington. What I am questioning is whether Gleig was a soldier or just some kind of recorder that followed the army around.
What I know about this source is that George Gleig is the author. I know that "George Gleig was part of the British force that attacked and burned Washington." (EyeWitness to History.com) I also know that this source describes events that I am familiar with. The British invaded the White House and ate a meal that had been prepared for the return of President Madison. The British army then set fire to any buildings associated with the government.
From EyeWitness to History.com
My secondary source about the War of 1812 and the burning of Washington is, 1812 War with America by Jon Latimer. This source is interesting because it comes from a British perspective. With this book, Latimer makes the attempt to provide a comprehensive history about the war of 1812 from a British perspective. However, I am primarily interested in chapter 14, "Burning the White House" because this chapter discusses the British take over and burning of Washington. This chapter begins by explaining officer Cockburn's plan to take Washington D.C because he knows that it will be sparsely defended. This chapter also mentions general Ross who is the general of George Gleig, the author of one of my primary sources. This chapter explains how Ross is very reluctant to attack Washington at first because he fears that it will be well defended. However, Cockburn finally convinces him into taking the offensive risk. This chapter discusses how the British forces traveled up river and then marched in the terrible heat (where several soldiers died of heat exhaustion) toward Washington. The battle of Bladensburg is also described in fairly significant detail in this chapter. 
Portrait of Washington
From EyeWitness to History.com
However, what is of most interest to me is the attack on Washington, which this chapter also discusses in detail. Latimer explains how Ross has no desire to destroy any private property unless the property's owners began causing trouble. Latimer also mentions the episode where Ross begins entering the city and has his horse shot out from under him (his 3rd horse in this trek toward Washington.) This story is mentioned in the journal of George Gleig. My other primary source (the letter by Dolly Madison) is even directly mentioned in this chapter, but unfortunately it does not say when the letter was written. It only says "Dolley later wrote to her sister..." (Latimer 316).  Latimer also explains how President Madison arrived at the White House at 4:30 to get Dolley, but he found out that she had left an hour earlier. Latimer also mentions who took the painting of George Washington from the White House. "It was taken by Jacob Barker, a ship-owner and fellow Quaker, and Robert G.L. de Peyster, "assisted by two colored boys..." (316) Latimer also spends considerable time explaining the British method of burning anything associated with the United States government. He explains how difficult it was for the British to set the Capital Building on fire, how the British set fire to The Library of Congress, and how the British ate the American victory feast at the White House before setting it ablaze. However, Latimer was quick to note that General Ross and Officer Cockburn were polite and considerate towards the civilians who were in Washington at the time of the conquest. After the burning of Washington, Ross and Cockburn quietly left Washington less than 24 hours after they had taken the city. All in all, this secondary source by Latimer thoroughly explains the time frame and events that my primary sources stem from. 

Sources:

 "The British Burn Washington, DC, 1814," EyeWitness to History, eyewitnesstohistory.com (2003).

"Dolley Madison Flees the White House, 1814" EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2009).

Latimer, Jon. 1812 War with America. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 
2007. Print.

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